fix(booking): 交易內只攔截業務例外，資料庫錯誤改交由例外處理器

新增 BookingRuleViolationException，MemberBookingController::store 與
ProviderBookingController::confirm 只 catch 此型別並回 422（訊息不變）。
QueryException 等其他例外不再被當成 422 回傳 SQL，改由 Laravel 回 500
並回報 Sentry。對應 OpenSpec change fix-booking-exception-handling（M7）。

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

app/Exceptions/BookingRuleViolationException.php

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Exceptions;
+
+final class BookingRuleViolationException extends \RuntimeException {}

app/Http/Controllers/API/MemberBookingController.php

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace App\Http\Controllers\API;
 
 use App\Enums\BookingStatus;
 use App\Enums\ScheduleStatus;
+use App\Exceptions\BookingRuleViolationException;
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
 use App\Models\Booking;
 use App\Models\CourseSchedule;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ class MemberBookingController extends Controller
                 // Layer 2：lockForUpdate 後二次驗證
                 $schedule = CourseSchedule::lockForUpdate()->find($schedule->id);
                 if ($data['participants'] > $schedule->remainingSpots()) {
-                    throw new \RuntimeException('名額不足，請重新選擇');
+                    throw new BookingRuleViolationException('名額不足，請重新選擇');
                 }
 
                 // 重複預約檢查
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ class MemberBookingController extends Controller
                     ->whereIn('status', [BookingStatus::Pending->value, BookingStatus::Confirmed->value])
                     ->exists();
                 if ($duplicate) {
-                    throw new \RuntimeException('您已預約此時段');
+                    throw new BookingRuleViolationException('您已預約此時段');
                 }
 
                 return Booking::create([
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ class MemberBookingController extends Controller
                     'notes'        => $data['notes'] ?? null,
                 ]);
             });
-        } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+        } catch (BookingRuleViolationException $e) {
             return response()->json(['status' => false, 'message' => $e->getMessage()], 422);
         }
 

app/Http/Controllers/API/ProviderBookingController.php

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace App\Http\Controllers\API;
 
 use App\Enums\BookingStatus;
 use App\Enums\ScheduleStatus;
+use App\Exceptions\BookingRuleViolationException;
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
 use App\Models\Booking;
 use App\Notifications\BookingCancelledNotification;
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ class ProviderBookingController extends Controller
                 $remaining = $schedule->max_participants - $schedule->current_participants;
 
                 if ($booking->participants > $remaining) {
-                    throw new \RuntimeException('名額不足，無法確認此預約');
+                    throw new BookingRuleViolationException('名額不足，無法確認此預約');
                 }
 
                 $booking->update(['status' => BookingStatus::Confirmed]);
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ class ProviderBookingController extends Controller
                     $schedule->update(['status' => ScheduleStatus::Full]);
                 }
             });
-        } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+        } catch (BookingRuleViolationException $e) {
             return response()->json(['status' => false, 'message' => $e->getMessage()], 422);
         }